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儿童创伤的急救原则
发布时间:2011-01-04 10:46     来源:君健网
 儿童时期对世界的认识如饥似渴,对任何事情都感到好奇。但是由於儿童对周围环境缺乏认识,缺乏抑制自己的能力,加上动作协调性差,容易发生一些意外创伤,如切割伤、跌伤、刺伤、火器伤以及扭伤等。

  创伤又分为闭合性创伤和开放性创伤两类。前者指受伤部位皮肤与粘膜完整,没有开放伤口或外出血。主要包括挫伤及压砸伤等;後者指受伤部位的皮肤、粘膜破裂而有开放伤口及外出血,并伴有较深组织的损伤,主要包活切割伤、刺伤及撕裂伤等。

  创伤的急救原则是:

  1、对大量出血的患儿,应首先止血。

  2、对切割伤及刺伤等小伤口,可挤出少量血液以冲洗掉伤口上的细菌和尘垢。

  3、对伤口宜用清洁的水洗净,对无法彻底清洁的伤口,须用双氧水或碘酒消毒。

  4、对於较大的伤口,止血後用清洁的布覆盖并立即送医院处理。

  一旦被狗、猫咬伤,重要的是做好现场救护工作。凡是狗、猫咬伤,不管是疯狗、病猫还是正常的狗、猫(据文献报告,有相当多的一部分正常的狗、猫的唾液中带有狂犬病毒),千万不要急着去医院找医生诊治,而是应该立即、就地、彻底冲洗伤口。万一找不到水源,甚至可以用人尿代替清水冲洗,随后再设法找水源。

  冲洗伤口一是要快。分秒必争,以最快速度把沾染在伤口上的狂犬病毒冲洗掉。因为时间一长病毒就进入人体组织,沿着神经侵犯中枢神经,置人于死地。二是要彻底。由于狗、猫咬的伤口往往外口小,里面深,这就要求冲洗时,尽量把伤口扩大,让其充分暴露,并用力挤压伤口周围软组织,而且冲洗的水量要大,水流要急,最好是对着自来水龙头急水冲洗。三是伤口不可包扎。除了个别伤口大,又伤及血管需要止血外,一般不上任何药物,也不要包扎,因为狂犬病毒是厌氧的,在缺乏氧气的情况下,狂犬病病毒会大量生长。

  伤口反复冲洗后,再送医院作进一步伤口冲洗处理,(牢记到医院伤口还要认真冲洗),接着应接种预防狂犬病疫苗。这里特别要指出的是,千万千万不可被狗、猫咬伤后,伤口不作任何处理,错上加错的是不仅伤口不冲洗,而是涂上红药水包上纱布更有害,切忌长途跋涉赶到大医院求治,而是应该立即、就地、彻底冲洗伤口,在24小时内注射狂犬疫苗。

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